The Science section tends to be the most polarizing of the four ACT sections. While some students feel at home reading about quarks, catalysts, and cations, others find themselves completely lost in passages that seem as if they are written in a foreign language. One obvious outlier among the Science passages is the Conflicting Viewpoints passage. While the other passages tend to focus on experiments and studies that are data-heavy, the Conflicting Viewpoints passage uses words to describe differing hypotheses about certain phenomena. This makes it more akin to a Reading passage and can make it more confusing and time-consuming than the other passages. There are many intricacies to most Conflicting Viewpoints passages, but there are also a few broad characteristics that students should be aware of in all passages.
Trying to cut corners on this passage will only lead to inaccuracy and confusion later on.
The first question most students ask me about the Conflicting Viewpoints passage is, “Do I have to do all of the reading?” The answer is “Yes.” Trying to cut corners on this passage will only lead to inaccuracy and confusion later on. Incidentally, this might be the only part of the ACT where it’s imperative to read all of the passage and questions. However, the density of questions to written material is quite high; you’re likely to encounter seven questions that refer to around 40-50 lines of writing, so your time is well spent.
This piece of advice applies to the introduction as well as to the actual hypotheses themselves. Do not skip the introduction. The introduction is important for two reasons: First, it establishes certain facts that none of the viewpoints will contradict. None of the hypotheses will disagree with anything that is stated in the introduction. Second, there are usually one or two questions that you can answer directly from the introduction.
Once you’re ready to move to the scientists’ hypotheses, you want to have some idea of what to focus on as you read. Most of the questions in the Conflicting Viewpoints passage relate to differences of opinion between the scientists. Therefore, you should be looking for statements in each scientist’s hypothesis that other scientists disagree with or are likely to disagree with. Initially, this can seem difficult: if you haven’t read all of the scientists’ viewpoints, how can you know where they’ll disagree? With that said, there are certain types of statements that are likely to bring about disagreement and therefore provide material for questions. When I read a scientist’s viewpoint, I try to identify three or four main points that I think are crucial to that scientist’s viewpoints and/or are likely to be points of disagreement. Here are the broad categories that you should focus on:
- Any measured quantity, including time.
- A prediction.
- The first and/or last sentence.
- Any description of a relationship between two variables.
That list—especially number 3—may seem overly broad to “focus on” in a hypothesis that might be less than ten lines long. But as you read, you should underline in as concise a way as possible anything from those categories that seems important. Let’s look at an example of a Conflicting Viewpoints Passage to illustrate this outlook:
Pluto should not be classified as a planet. While it does rotate and orbit the sun as other planets do, its orbital period is much longer than that of any other planet in our solar system. Its mass is also well below the traditional threshold of a planet: all other planets are at least 1/20th the mass of earth (MOE), while Pluto is a mere 1/500th MOE. Pluto is also the only “planet” in the Kuiper belt, a de facto cemetery for the smaller remnants of the solar system’s genesis. As technology improves, it is likely that many smaller satellites such as Pluto will be found in the Kuiper belt.
If I encountered that passage on an exam, I would underline the following:
- “not be classified as a planet”
- “Pluto is a mere 1/500th MOE”
- “many smaller satellites… will be found”
I’ve only selected a few words from the passage, but I’ve got part of the first sentence, part of the last sentence, a measurement, and a prediction. I’m well on my way to identifying the key points of this scientist’s view, and I’m aware of the points where there are most likely to be disagreement in future passages. Next time you find yourself facing a Conflicting Viewpoints passage, try this technique of underlining to create a summary, and I think you’ll be impressed at how many questions relate directly to what you’ve highlighted.
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